Basic life support training in schools
Main Article Content
Abstract
Older children and adolescents are able to learn and perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers in a satisfactory manner. Schools are places where training in basic life support can be carried out. This narrative review was carried out to assess the effectiveness of training in basic life support in schools, analyzing different learning methodology, age groups, and gaining confidence in performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a real situation. The search was conducted in the MEDLINE database. Articles published from 01/01/2014 to 12/31/2019, with children under 18 years of age, published in English, Portuguese and Spanish, were selected. Three hundred and nine articles were found, of which 15 met the inclusion criteria in the study. There was great heterogeneity in the methodologies evaluated, making it difficult to compare some studies. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation taught to school children has resulted in the retention of skills and knowledge. There was a direct relationship between age group and quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Learning cardiopulmonary resuscitation can also change the stigma and fear associated with procedures. We conclude that the teaching of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by different methodologies is effective in the learning of children and adolescents and improves their confidence in doing it. Although older than 12 years of age have a greater ability for depth of compression, other points of basic life support can be developed in younger children.
Downloads
Article Details
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) that allows others to share and adapt the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.References
Berdowski J, Berg RA, Tijssen JGP, Koster RW. Global incidences of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and survival rates: systematic review of 67 prospective studies. Resuscitation. 2010;81(11):1479-87. http://doi.org.br/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.006
Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Das SR, Deo R, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135(10):e146-603. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000485
Myat A, Song KJ, Rea T. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: current concepts. Lancet. 2018;391(10124):970-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30472-0
Panchal AR, Bobrow BJ, Spaite DW, Berg RA, Stolz U, Vadeboncoeur TF, et al. Chest compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed by lay rescuers for adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to non-cardiac aetiologies. Resuscitation. 2013;84(4):435-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.07.038
Lockey DJ, Lyon RM, Davies GE. Development of a simple algorithm to guide the effective management of traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2013;84(6):738-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.12.003
Iwami T, Kitamura T, Kawamura T, Mitamura H, Nagao K, Takayama M, et al. Chest compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with public-access defibrillation: a nationwide cohort study. Circulation. 2012;126(24):2844-51. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.109504
Chien CY, Su YC, Lin CC, Kuo CW, Lin SC, Weng YM. Is 15 minutes an appropriate resuscitation duration before termination of a traumatic cardiac arrest? A case-control study. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34(3):505-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2015.12.004
Abelsson A, Nygardh A. To enhance the quality of CPR performed by youth layman. Int J Emerg Med. 2019;12(30). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-019-0247-6
Böttiger BW, van Aken H. Kids save lives-Training school children in cardiopulmonary resuscitation worldwide is now endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Resuscitation. 2015;94:A5-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.005
Neumar RW, Shuster M, Callaway CW, Gent LM, Atkins DL, Bhanji F, et al. Part 1: Executive Summary: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2015;132(18 Suppl 2):S315-67. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000252
Bernoche C, Timerman S, Polastri TF, Giannetti NS, Siqueira AWS, Piscopo A, et al. Atualização da Diretriz de Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar e Cuidados Cardiovasculares de Emergência da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia – 2019. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019;113(3):449-663. https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20190203
Schmid KM, García RQ, Fernandez MM, Mould-Millman NK, Lowenstein SR. Teaching hands-only CPR in schools: A program evaluation in San José, Costa Rica. Ann Glob Health. 2018;84(4):612-7. https://doi.org/10.9204/aogh.2367
Fernandes JM, Leite AL, Auto BS, Lima JE, Rivera IR, Mendonça MA. Teaching basic life support to students of public and private high schools. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;102(6):593-601. https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20140071
Aaberg AM, Larsen CE, Rasmussen BS, Hansen CM, Larsen JM. Basic life support knowledge, self-reported skills and fears in Danish high school students and effect of a single 45-min training session run by junior doctors; a prospective cohort study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2014;22:24. https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-7241-22-24
Magid KH, Heard D, Sasson C. Addressing Gaps in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Education: Training Middle School Students in Hands-Only Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. J Sch Health. 2018;88(7):524-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12634
Yeung J, Kovic I, Vidacic M, Skilton E, Higgins D, Melody T, et al. The school Lifesavers study-A randomised controlled trial comparing the impact of Lifesaver only, face-to-face training only, and Lifesaver with face-to-face training on CPR knowledge, skills and attitudes in UK school children. Resuscitation. 2017;120:138-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.08.010
Semeraro F, Frisoli A, Loconsole C, Mastronicola N, Stroppa F, Ristagno G, et al. Kids (learn how to) save lives in the school with the serious game Relive. Resuscitation. 2017;116:27-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.04.038
Wingen S, Schroeder DC, Ecker H, Steinhauser S, Altin S, Stock S, et al. Self-confidence and level of knowledge after cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in 14 to 18-year-old schoolchildren: A randomised-interventional controlled study in secondary schools in Germany. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2018;35(7):519-26. https://doi.org/10.1097/EJA.0000000000000766
Nord A, Hult H, Kreitz-Sandberg S, Herlitz J, Svensson L, Nilsson L. Effect of two additional interventions, test and reflection, added to standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation training on seventh grade students' practical skills and willingness to act: a cluster randomised trial. BMJ Open. 2017;7(6):e014230. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014230
del Pozo FJF, Alonso JV, Velis NBC, Barahona MMA, Siggers A, Lopera E. Basic life support knowledge of secondary school students in cardiopulmonary resuscitation training using a song. Int J Med Educ. 2016;7:237-41. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.5780.a207
Beskind DL, Stolz U, Thiede R, Hoyer R, Burns W, Brown J, et al. Viewing a brief chest-compression-only CPR video improves bystander CPR performance and responsiveness in high school students: A cluster randomized trial. Resuscitation. 2016;104:28-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.03.022
Hori S, Suzuki M, Yamazaki M, Aikawa N, Yamazaki H. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training in Schools: a comparison of trainee satisfaction among different age groups. Keio J Med. 2016;65(3):49-56. https://doi.org/10.2302/kjm.2015-0009-OA
Kitamura T, Nishiyama C, Murakami Y, Yonezawa T, Nakai S, Hamanishi M, et al. Compression-only CPR training in elementary schools and student attitude toward CPR. Pediatr Int. 2016;58(8):698-704. https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.12881
He DX, Huang KS, Yang YI, Jiang W, Yang NL, Yang H. What is the Optimal Age for Students to Receive Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training? Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(4):394-8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X1800047X
Mpotos N, Iserbyt P. Children saving lives: Training towards CPR excellence levels in chest compression based on age and physical characteristics. Resuscitation. 2017;121:135-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.10.024
Banfai B, Pek E, Pandur A, Csonka H, Betlehem J. ‘The year of first aid': effectiveness of a 3-day first aid programme for 7-14-year-old primary school children. Emerg Med J. 2017;34(8):526-32. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2016-206284
Woollard M, Whitfield R, Newcombe RG, Colquhoun M, Vetter N, Chamberlain D. Optimal refresher training intervals for AED and CPR skills: a randomised controlled trial. Resuscitation. 2006;71(2):237-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.04.005
Andresen D, Arntz HR, Grafling W, Hoffmann S, Hofmann D, Kraemer R, et al. Public access resuscitation program including defibrillator training for laypersons: a randomized trial to evaluate the impact of training course duration. Resuscitation. 2008;76(3):419-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.08.019
Beckers SK, Fries M, Bickenbach J, Skorning MH, Derwall M, Kuhlen R, et al. Retention of skills in medical students following minimaltheoretical instructions on semi and fully automated external defibrillators. Resuscitation. 2007;72(3):444-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.08.001
Resuscitation Council UK. Resuscitation Council UK’s interactive training tool Lifesaver is a cutting-edge way to learn lifesaving skills anytime, anywhere. Available from: https://www.resus.org.uk/public-resource/how-we-save-lives/lifesaver-learning
Hansen CM, Zinckernagel L, Ersbøll AK, Tjørnhøj-Thomsen T, Wissenberg M, Lippert FK, et al. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training in Schools Following 8 Years of Mandating Legislation in Denmark: A Nationwide Survey. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(3):e004128. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.004128
Sena DP, Fabrício DD, Silva VD, Bodanese LC, Franco AR. Comparative evaluation of video-based on-line course versus serious game for training medical students in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomised trial. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):e0214722. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214722
Drummond D, Delval P, Abdenouri S, Truchot J, Ceccaldi PF, Plaisance P, et al. Serious game versus online course for pretraining medical students before a simulation-based mastery learning course on cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A randomised controlled study. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2017;34(12):836-44. https://doi.org/10.1097/EJA.0000000000000675
Lockey AS, Barton K, Yoxall H. Opportunities and barriers to cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in English secondary schools. Eur J Emerg Med. 2016;23(5):381-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000307
Bonizzio CR, Nagao CK, Polho GB, Paes VR. Basic Life Support: an accessible tool in layperson training. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2019;65(10):1300-7. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.65.10.1300
Riggs M, Franklin R, Saylany L. Associations between cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) knowledge, self-efficacy, training history and willingness to perform CPR and CPR psychomotor skills: a systematic review. Resuscitation. 2019;138:259-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.03.019
Hawkes CA, Brown TP, Booth S, Fothergill RT, Siriwardena N, Zakaria S, et al. Attitudes to Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Defibrillator Use: A Survey of UK Adults in 2017. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(7):e008267. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.008267
Van Kerschaver E, Delooz HH, Moens GF. The effectiveness of repeated cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in a school population. Resuscitation. 1989;17(3):211-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9572(89)90037-3
Jones I, Whitfield R, Colquhoun M, Chamberlain D, Vetter N, Newcombe R. At what age can schoolchildren provide effective chest compressions? An observational study from the Heartstart UK schools training programme. BMJ. 2007;334(7605):1201. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39167.459028.DE
Bollig G, Wahl HA, Svendsen MV. Primary school children are able to perform basic life-saving first aid measures. Resuscitation. 2009;80(6):689-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.03.012